Enfoques predominantes en los estudios sobre calidad de vida relacionada a la salud de jóvenes sobrevivientes de cáncer en la infancia o adolescencia. Revisión integradora de la literatura científica / Predominant approaches in studies on health-related quality of life of young survivors of childhood or adolescent cancer: an integrative literature review

Resumen Los sobrevivientes de cáncer pediátrico constituyen una población creciente. La enfermedad padecida, su tratamiento o la ocurrencia de complicaciones tardías pueden afectar su calidad de vida relacionada a la salud (CVRS). Comprender la CVRS, es un desafío por su complejidad conceptual y la modalidad de su estudio. Objetivo: identificar las líneas de investigación predominantes en el estudio de CVRS en esta población. Métodos: revisión bibliográfica integrativa. Búsqueda sistematizada de artículos primarios indizados. Bases Scopus y PubMed. Resultados: 48 publicaciones seleccionadas, se identificaron cuatro líneas principales de investigación: CVRS en sobrevivientes en general; en sobrevivientes de largo plazo; estudio de determinantes de la CVRS; y estudio de aspectos metodológicos sobre medición de CVRS. Predomina el abordaje cuantitativo con instrumentos genéricos de medición, y el modelo conceptual de CVRS basado en la función, enfatiza la importancia de la funcionalidad física, psíquica y social y el impacto sobre ella de la enfermedad y el tratamiento. Conclusiones: incorporar un abordaje cualitativo, basado en el significado, para la comprensión de experiencias vividas desde una perspectiva subjetiva y holística, sería indispensable.

Abstract Survivors of childhood cancer constitute a growing population. The disease experienced, its treatment or the occurrence of late complications may affect survivors' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Understanding HRQOL is a challenge due to its conceptual complexity and the mode in which it is studied. Objective: To identify the predominant lines of research in the study of HRQOL in this population. Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out, involving a systematic search of primary articles indexed in the Scopus and PubMed databases. Results: In the 48 publications selected, four main lines of research were identified: HRQOL in survivors in general; HRQOL in long-term survivors; the study of determinants of HRQOL; and the study of methodological aspects of HRQOL measurement. A quantitative approach using generic measurement instruments predominates, and the conceptual model of HRQOL based on function emphasizes the importance of physical, psychological, and social functionality and the impact of the disease and treatment on these aspects. Conclusions: incorporating a qualitative, meaning-based approach to the understanding of lived experiences from a subjective and holistic perspective is indispensable.

Predominant approaches in studies on health-related quality of life of young survivors of childhood or adolescent cancer: an integrative literature review. / Enfoques predominantes en los estudios sobre calidad de vida relacionada a la salud de jóvenes sobrevivientes de cáncer en la infancia o adolescencia. Revisión integradora de la literatura científica.

Survivors of childhood cancer constitute a growing population. The disease experienced, its treatment or the occurrence of late complications may affect survivors' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Understanding HRQOL is a challenge due to its conceptual complexity and the mode in which it is studied. OBJECTIVE: To identify the predominant lines of research in the study of HRQOL in this population. METHODS: An integrative literature review was carried out, involving a systematic search of primary articles indexed in the Scopus and PubMed databases. RESULTS: In the 48 publications selected, four main lines of research were identified: HRQOL in survivors in general; HRQOL in long-term survivors; the study of determinants of HRQOL; and the study of methodological aspects of HRQOL measurement. A quantitative approach using generic measurement instruments predominates, and the conceptual model of HRQOL based on function emphasizes the importance of physical, psychological, and social functionality and the impact of the disease and treatment on these aspects. CONCLUSIONS: incorporating a qualitative, meaning-based approach to the understanding of lived experiences from a subjective and holistic perspective is indispensable.

Los sobrevivientes de cáncer pediátrico constituyen una población creciente. La enfermedad padecida, su tratamiento o la ocurrencia de complicaciones tardías pueden afectar su calidad de vida relacionada a la salud (CVRS). Comprender la CVRS, es un desafío por su complejidad conceptual y la modalidad de su estudio. OBJETIVO: identificar las líneas de investigación predominantes en el estudio de CVRS en esta población. Métodos: revisión bibliográfica integrativa. Búsqueda sistematizada de artículos primarios indizados. Bases Scopus y PubMed. RESULTADOS: 48 publicaciones seleccionadas, se identificaron cuatro líneas principales de investigación: CVRS en sobrevivientes en general; en sobrevivientes de largo plazo; estudio de determinantes de la CVRS; y estudio de aspectos metodológicos sobre medición de CVRS. Predomina el abordaje cuantitativo con instrumentos genéricos de medición, y el modelo conceptual de CVRS basado en la función, enfatiza la importancia de la funcionalidad física, psíquica y social y el impacto sobre ella de la enfermedad y el tratamiento. CONCLUSIONES: incorporar un abordaje cualitativo, basado en el significado, para la comprensión de experiencias vividas desde una perspectiva subjetiva y holística, sería indispensable.

Actitudes y comportamientos acerca del consumo de sodio y grasas trans en Argentina / Attitudes and behaviors about sodium and trans fat consumption in Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: la ingesta de altos niveles de sal y grasas trans está fuertemente relacionada con la ocurrencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares. OBJETIVOS: Describir los conocimientos, comportamientos y prácticas socioculturales de diferentes grupos de población, con relación al consumo de sal y grasas trans en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio cualitativo con diseño exploratorio descriptivo. Participaron varones y mujeres mayores de 18 años. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales en tres zonas geográficas diferentes del país. RESULTADOS: Los participantes desconocen que el sodio es un componente de la sal. Se observó una tendencia a considerar que el consumo en exceso de sal es perjudicial para la salud principalmente en adultos mayores, mujeres embarazadas y en personas con enfermedades cardiovasculares. A su vez, se evidenció un total desconocimiento acerca de las grasas trans, en qué alimentos se encuentran y su impacto sobre la salud. CONCLUSIONES: Las percepciones acerca del consumo personal de sal hacen referencia a un consumo moderado. La reducción del consumo de sal ocurre predominantemente ante eventos de salud de familiares, no como conducta preventiva personal. Existe un escaso conocimiento acerca de las grasas trans.

INTRODUCTION: the consumption of high levels of salt and trans fats is strongly associated with cardiovasculardiseases. OBJECTIVES: To describe knowledge, behaviors and socio-cultural practices of different population groups in relation to consumption of salt and trans fats in Argentina. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, with an exploratory-descriptive design and the participation of men and women older than 18. In-depth interviews and focus groups were carried out in threedifferent regions of the country. RESULTS: Participants do not know that sodium is a component of salt. There was a tendency to consider that the consumption of too much salt is unhealthy mainly in older adults, pregnant women and people with cardiovascular diseases. There was also complete ignorance regarding trans fats, their impact on health and which foods are rich in them.CONCLUSIONS: Participants consider that they have a moderateconsumption of salt. The reduction of salt intake mainly occurs after family health events, not as personal preventive behavior. There is very little knowledge about trans fats.

Alfabetización en salud en pacientes que asisten a un hospital universitario / Health literacy in patients attending a University Hospital

La Alfabetización en Salud (AS), del inglés health literacy, es la habilidad para obtener, procesar y entender información básica con respecto a la salud, necesaria para tomar decisiones. Los pacientes con inadecuada AS presentan pobre cuidado de su salud, utilizan con mayor frecuencia los servicios de emergencia y sufren más internaciones hospitalarias. No hemos encontrado información acerca de la frecuencia de AS en nuestro país. Esta investigación se realizó con el propósito de estimar la prevalecencia de inadecuada AS en los pacientes que se atienden en un hospital universitario. Se llevó a cabo en el Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, en los consultorios externos de clínica médica y en las salas de internación durante 2007. La AS se evaluó con el Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults. Entre 2345 pacientes potencialmente elegibles durante el tiempo del estudio, 234 fueron seleccionados en forma aleatoria, 229 fueron entrevistados (tasa de respuesta 98%). La participación fue voluntaria. El 62% de los respondedores provenían del área ambulatoria, el 54.6% fueron mujeres; la edad promedio fue de 56 años. La frecuencia de inadecuada AS fue de 30.1%. Los pacientes con educación primaria tenían una probabilidad significativamente mayor de presentar inadecuada AS comparados con los que tenían instrucción universitaria OR = 45.1 (IC 9.6-211.6). La frecuencia estimada de inadecuada AS en los pacientes evaluados fue elevada. Se encontró una fuerte asociación entre el nivel educativo y el grado de AS. Estos hallazgos sugieren un alto porcentaje de inadecuada alfabetización en salud en nuestro medio. Resulta indispensable que los profesionales de la salud conozcan las implicancias que la inadecuada AS tiene en el cuidado de la salud.

Low level of health literacy is associated with poor communication between patients and clinicians and with increased hospitalization rates, less frequent screening for cancer, poor control of diabetes, and disproportionately high rates of disease and mortality. Despite the importance of health literacy in medicine, there is no information about its prevalence in Latin America. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of inadequate health literacy in a random sample of patients, at a University Hospital where a descriptive study was performed during 2007. Health literacy was assessed through the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults. Participants were randomly selected from the ambulatory clinic and from the medical inpatient ward during 2007.There were a total of 2345 patients potentially eligible during the time of the study, 234 were approached after random selection and 229 patients were interviewed (98% response); 54.6% of respondents were women and 62% were recruited from the ambulatory clinic. The respondents had a median age of 56 years. The prevalence of inadequate health literacy was 30.1% (69 patients). Patients with ≤ 7 years of formal education had more risk of having inadequate health literacy compared with those with > 12 years of education OR = 45.1 (IC 9.6-211.6). We found a high prevalence of inadequate health literacy, being strongly associated with the level of formal education. It is important that health care providers know the implications of health literacy and its consequences.

[Health literacy in patients attending a University Hospital]. / Alfabetización en salud en pacientes que asisten a un hospital universitario.

Low level of health literacy is associated with poor communication between patients and clinicians and with increased hospitalization rates, less frequent screening for cancer, poor control of diabetes, and disproportionately high rates of disease and mortality. Despite the importance of health literacy in medicine, there is no information about its prevalence in Latin America. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of inadequate health literacy in a random sample of patients, at a University Hospital where a descriptive study was performed during 2007. Health literacy was assessed through the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults. Participants were randomly selected from the ambulatory clinic and from the medical inpatient ward during 2007. There were a total of 2345 patients potentially eligible during the time of the study, 234 were approached after random selection and 229 patients were interviewed (98% response); 54.6% of respondents were women and 62% were recruited from the ambulatory clinic. The respondents had a median age of 56 years. The prevalence of inadequate health literacy was 30.1% (69 patients). Patients with 12 years of education OR = 45.1 (IC 9.6-211.6). We found a high prevalence of inadequate health literacy, being strongly associated with the level of formal education. It is important that health care providers know the implications of health literacy and its consequences.

[Validation of a short questionnaire to use in clinical consultations to detect gender violence]. / Validación de un cuestionario breve para detectar situaciones de violencia de género en las consultas clínicas.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a Spanish-language questionnaire to be used in primary care consultations to detect cases of violence against women. METHODS: The validation study was carried out between October 2002 and October 2003 in the Program of General Internal Medicine of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Buenos Aires, in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The original version of this Spanish-language questionnaire had been developed in sexual and reproductive health clinics of five countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The questionnaire covered the most frequent forms of gender-based violence (emotional, physical, sexual, and sexual abuse during childhood); explored how and when the violence occurred and who perpetrated it; and investigated the patient's perception of her current risk. In the research in Buenos Aires the format and theoretical content of the survey were evaluated, and linguistic and psychometric validations were also carried out. The reliability of the tool was assessed in terms of its reproducibility, stability, and internal consistency. RESULTS: The study found that the women surveyed in Buenos Aires had a good understanding of the questions, the examples given with the questions, and the response options. The women did not perceive the survey as being intimidating or as an intrusion into their private lives. The women generally regarded the use of the survey in primary care settings as a key opportunity for them to express their suffering and to receive assistance. The level of agreement for the answers to the questions in all five areas (psychological violence, physical violence, sexual violence, sexual abuse during childhood, and perception of current risk) was very high, in terms of both reproducibility (kappa values of 0.63 to 1.00) and stability (kappa values of 0.62 to 1.00). The alpha correlation coefficient for internal consistency was 0.755 for psychological violence and physical violence, 0.498 for psychological violence and sexual violence, 0.596 for physical violence and sexual violence, and 0.715 for the different manifestations of violence (psychological, physical, sexual, and abuse during childhood). CONCLUSION: This research demonstrated the soundness of the brief questionnaire, in terms of its format, content, comprehensiveness, and reliability. This instrument can be used in clinical consultations to detect situations of psychological violence, physical violence, sexual violence, and sexual abuse during childhood.

[Detection of domestic violence against women. Survey in a primary health care clinic]. / Violencia doméstica contra la mujer. Una encuesta en consultorios de atención primaria.

According to Pan American Health Organization nearly 50% of women suffer chronic domestic violence in Latin America. We evaluated the prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) in women assisted in a University Outpatient Clinic in Buenos Aires. We used a survey originally developed by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) in Spanish. The survey was distributed to a consecutive sample of women more than 18 years of age who attended the clinic. Participants were randomized to fill out the questionnaire anonymously (self-administered) or during an interview with the physician in order to test the sensitivity of these two different modalities of data collection. Of 360 eligible women 270, (75%) completed the questionnaire. The respondents had a median age of 45.4 years, only 33% had more than 7 years of formal education and 48% did not live with a partner. Of the 270 respondents, 120 (44%) women reported mistreatment at least once during their lifetime. Of these, 108 (40%) reported psychological GBV, 53 physical GBV and 45 reported sexual GBV. Most of the respondents suffered more than one type of violence. 46 (17%) women reported sexual abuse during childhood, 219 (81%) of participants never had been asked by their physician about domestic violence. Women interviewed by the physician reported GBV more frequently than those completing the self-administered survey (p <0.005). The survey developed by the IPPF is considered a useful tool for screening in a clinical setting.